14. The following states provide a standard jury instruction or allow for a proposed jury instruction to define the phrase "beyond a reasonable doubt": Alabama (Alabama Criminal Pattern Jury Instructions I.4); Alaska (Alaska Criminal Pattern Jury Instructions 1.06; See also, Wilson v. State, 967 P.2d 98, 100-101 (Alaska App. 1998)); Arizona (Recommended Arizona Jury Instructions Standard Criminal 5 (1989); see also, State v. Portillo, 182 Ariz. 592, 594 (1995)); Arkansas (1-1 Arkansas Model Jury Instructions - Criminal AMCI 2d 110); California (California Model Jury Instructions – Criminal 1.03); Colorado (Colorado Jury Instructions Criminal E: 03); Connecticut (Connecticut Criminal Jury Instructions 2.2-3; see also, State v. Griffin, 253 Conn. 195, 206 (2000)); Delaware (Delaware Superior Court Criminal Pattern Jury Instructions 2.2-3); Florida (Florida Standard Jury Instructions 3.7); Georgia (Pilcher v. State, 214 Ga. App. 395, 396 (1994)); Hawaii (Hawaii Criminal Jury Instructions 3.02; see also, State v. Bush, 569 P.2d 349, 350 (Haw. 1977)); Idaho (Idaho Criminal Jury Instructions 103); Indiana (Johnson v. State, 518 N.E.2d 1073, 1076-77 (Ind. 1988)); Iowa (Iowa Uniform Jury Instruction 501.11; see also, State v. McFarland, 287 N.W.2d 162 (Iowa 1980)); Kansas (State v. Stevenson, 297 Kan. 49, 55 (2013)); Louisiana (State v. Clark, 446 So. 2d 293, 299 (La. 1984)); Maine (State v. Palumbo, 327 A.2d 613, 616-17 (Me. 1974)); Maryland (Ruffin v. State, 394 Md. 355, 358 (2006)); Massachusetts (Massachusetts Criminal Jury Instructions 2180); Michigan (Michigan Criminal Jury Instructions 3.2; see also, People v Allen, 643 N.W.2d 227, 230-32 (Mich. 2002)); Minnesota (State v. Faga, 2010 WL 606572 at *5 (Minn. App. 2010) (unpublished opinion but illustrates common practice of Minnesota courts to accept jury instructions defining "beyond reasonable doubt"); Missouri (Missouri Approved Instructions – Criminal 1.02, 2.20, and 15.38; see also, State v. Antwine, 743 S.W.2d 51, 62 (Mo. 1987)); Montana (Montana Criminal Jury Instructions MCJI 1-104); Nebraska (State v. Putz, 11 Neb. App. 332, 343–44 (2002), aff'd, 266 Neb. 37 (2003)); Nevada (Nevada Revised Statutes -- NRS 175.211; see also, Bollinger v. State, 111 Nev. 1110, 1112 (1995)); New Hampshire (State v. Wentworth, 118 N.H. 832, 838–39 (1978); see also, State v. Addison, 165 N.H. 381, 479); New Jersey (New Jersey Criminal Jury Instructions – Non 2C); New Mexico (State v. Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 9, 138 N.M. 1, 4); New York (People v. Allen, 750 N.Y.S.2d 700, 702 (2002)); North Carolina (State v. Graves, 203 N.C. App. 123, 127–28 (2010)); North Dakota (North Dakota Pattern Jury Instructions – Criminal K. 1-10; see also, State v. Schneider, 550 N.W.2d 405 (N.D. 1996)); Ohio (Ohio Revised Code 2901.05(e); see also, Cleveland v. Buckley, 67 Ohio App. 3d 799, 804–05 (1990)); Pennsylvania (Com. v. Kluska, 333 Pa. 65, 74 (1939); see also, Com. v. Young, 456 Pa. 102, 110 (1974)); Rhode Island (State v. Imbruglia, 913 A.2d 1022, 1031–32 (R.I. 2007); see also, State v. Saluter, 715 A.2d 1250, 1257 (R.I. 1998)); South Dakota (State v. Brewer, 197 N.W.2d 409, 410-11 (S.D. 1972); see also, State v. Breed, 399 N.W.2d 311, 313 (S.D. 1987)); Tennessee (Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions – Criminal 2.03; see also, State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 170-171 (Tenn. 1998)); Utah (State v. Reyes, 2005 UT 33, ¶¶ 37-38); Washington (Washington Pattern Instruction Criminal 4.01; see also, State v. McHenry, 88 Wn. 2d 211, 214 (1977)); West Virginia (West Virginia Criminal Defense Jury Instructions – Criminal 4.12; see also, State v. Beckett, 172 W. Va. 817, 824 (1983)); Wisconsin (Duthey v. State, 111 N.W. 222, 228 (1907); see also, Wisconsin Pattern Instruction – Criminal 140).
15. The following states routinely deny any attempt to define the phrase "beyond a reasonable doubt" for juries: Kentucky (Com. v. Callahan, 675 S.W.2d 391 (Ky. 1984)); Illinois (People v. Jenkins, 89 Ill. App. 3d 395, 398 (1980)); Mississippi (Vaden v. State, 965 So. 2d 1072, 1074 (Miss. 2007)); Oklahoma (Cuesta-Rodriguez v. State, 2010 OK CR 23, ¶ 62); Oregon (State v. Robinson, 235 Or. 524, 528 (1963)); South Carolina (State v. Johnson, 315 S.C. 485, 485 (1994)); Texas (Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)); Vermont (State v. McMahon, 158 Vt. 640, 641 (1992)); Virginia (Strawderman v. Com., 200 Va. 855, 858 (1959)); Wyoming (Collins v. State, 854 P.2d 688, 699 (Wyo. 1993)).